...The Origin of Substance continued
Substantive Complexity
A merger of bubbles is a froth, which is a complex of bubbles (See RMT in Nature 5). The froth is the first complex system in the realm of substance. 
So, it is not surprising that the froth is the most common construction in nature. As with atoms and molecules, nature prescribes precise rules to govern the merger of bubbles to form a froth. Bubbles are permitted to merge only in a way that both (a) minimizes the surface tension acting on each bubble (See RMT in Nature 20) and (b) balances tension throughout the froth (See RMT in Nature 22). This architecture optimizes the strength of the froth, because the burden of stress is diffused evenly throughout the complex, eliminating any potential weak points (See RMT in Nature 28).
This proscriptive architecture makes the froth a cellular construction. No space, or voids, is left among the bubbles, when they merge to form a froth. The only empty space permitted inside a froth is inside the bubbles. There is no empty space between and among the bubbles. Indeed, leaving no voids among them is the prime intent of the reconfiguration of the respective bubbles when they merger to form the froth. This characteristic is the defining feature of the architecture of a froth (See RMT in Nature 52). It accounts for the ubiquity of the froth, which has no inherent growth limit and is imminently adaptable, one cellular unit at a time.
Bubbles leave no interstitial voids in order to minimize free energy, surface tension, and temperature differences between and among them. Cells of organisms do the same thing for the same reasons (See RMT in Nature 53). Indeed, a froth is an exemplar of all 
systems - biological, chemical, and physical - in which there is an efficient alliance of cellular modules (See RMT in Nature 13). As such, a froth is nature's basic scaffold of substance. To this cellular platform, nature adds substance to evolve more complex systems. These systems are both animate and inanimate and molecular and non-molecular, e.g., diamond (See RMT in Nature 24). Of course, these systems include human beings. We humans are constructed of a vast complex of specialized cells whose ancestral stem cells are indicative of the common root of cells in a froth.
continued 